Ten students in a graduate program at the University of Toronto were randomly selected.Their grade point averages (GPAs)when they entered the program were between 3.5 and 4.0.The data consist of the students' GPAs on entering the program and their current GPAs.Several graphs are shown below. 
Definitions:
Job-Order Costing
An accounting method that assigns costs to specific production batches or jobs, useful in industries where goods or services are custom-produced.
Automated Shaper
A machine tool operated using automation for shaping wood, metal, or other materials, enhancing precision and productivity.
Manufacturing Overhead
All manufacturing costs that are not directly related to the production of a product, including indirect labor, maintenance, and utilities.
Job-Order Costing
An accounting method that assigns manufacturing costs to individual products or batches, based on the specific jobs undertaken.
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