In the Traditional Approach to Planning, Planning Is Done Entirely

question 133

Multiple Choice

In the traditional approach to planning, planning is done entirely by top-level managers who are often assisted by ______________ .

• A) business-level managers
• B) functional-level managers
• C) a mixture of managers and employees from all organizational levels
• D) a group of planning specialists
• E) external business consultants

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Definitions:

Operant Conditioning

A learning process where behavior is controlled by consequences, including rewards or punishments.

Extinction

In behavioral psychology, the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Modeling

A technique in behavioral psychology where individuals learn through observation and imitation of others.

Classical Conditioning

A learning procedure where two stimuli are constantly paired; initially, the second stimulus elicits a response which eventually is elicited by the first stimulus alone.