While It Is Difficult to Conclusively Prove That Campaign Contributions

question 21

Multiple Choice

While it is difficult to conclusively prove that campaign contributions result in direct favors, there is some indirect evidence that this must be so. For instance

• A) interest groups often give to candidates who run unopposed.
• B) interest groups give only to candidates with whom they agree.
• C) candidates return donations to interest groups with whom they disagree.
• D) candidates routinely release the names of interest groups who donate to their party PACs.

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Definitions:

Extinction

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; in classical conditioning, it occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus; in operant conditioning, it occurs when a response is no longer followed by a reinforcer.

Conditioned Response

A learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.

Negative Punishment

A behavior modification technique where a desirable stimulus is removed following an unwanted behavior, with the aim of decreasing that behavior.