Examlex
Once conditioning has been acquired,presenting just the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus produces:
Sellers
Individuals or entities that offer goods or services to buyers in exchange for money or other valuable consideration.
Market Failure
A situation in which the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not efficient, often leading to a net societal welfare loss.
Side Effects
Unintended consequences or secondary effects resulting from an action or decision, often seen in medicine, economics, and environmental policy.
Nonmarket Participants
Individuals or entities that engage in economic activities outside the formal market, often not reflected in formal economic statistics or analyses.
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