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ofstream, ifstream, and fstream are
Expected Monetary Value
A statistical technique used in decision-making to calculate the average outcome when the future includes scenarios that may or may not happen.
Expected Payoff
Expected Payoff is a term often used in economics and finance to describe the average outcome of a set of uncertain events, considering each possible outcome and its probability.
Perfect Information
A situation in which all participants have access to all the information needed to make an informed decision.
State Of Nature
A term in decision theory and statistics referring to the actual outcome or underlying reality that affects decision-making or outcomes.
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