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Use integration by parts to evaluate .
Randomization
The process of randomly assigning study participants to different treatment or control groups to reduce biased outcomes in research.
Bias
A systematic error in the collection, analysis, interpretation, or review of data that can lead to conclusions that are systematically different from the truth.
Probability Basis
The foundational likelihood or chance that a specific event will occur.
Statistical Testing
A methodological process used in statistics to determine the significance of data relative to a hypothesis.
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