Bumpers on Cars Are Not of Much Use in a Collision

question 2

Multiple Choice

Bumpers on cars are not of much use in a collision. To see why, calculate the average force a bumper would have to exert if it brought a 1200-kg car (a so-called compact model) to a rest in 15 cm when the car had an initial speed of 2.0 m/s (about 4.5 mph) . (Bumpers are built with springs that compress to provide a stopping force without, hopefully, denting the metal.)

• A) 1.8 × 10⁴ N
• B) 1.6 × 10⁴ N
• C) 5.4 × 10⁴ N
• D) 6.5 × 10⁵ N
• E) 3.2 × 10⁴ N

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Definitions:

Frustration Theory

A psychological theory suggesting that frustration, resulting from blocked goals, can lead to aggressive behavior.

Sequential Theory

A theory suggesting that understanding and behavior result from sequences of stimuli and responses, often emphasizing the importance of order in learning processes.

Extinction Contrast Effect

The phenomenon wherein the cessation of a previously reinforced behavior is accelerated when an alternative behavior continues to be reinforced.

Nonreward

A situation where an expected reward is not given, leading to extinction of the conditioned response over time.