Use the Following Information When Answering the Corresponding Question(s)

question 45

Multiple Choice

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s) .
Rhodopsins are light-sensitive molecules composed of a protein (opsin) and retinal (derivative of vitamin A) . Opsin is a membrane protein with several α-helical segments that loop back and forth through the plasma membrane. There are two classes of rhodopsins. According to Oded Beje, one class has relatively slow dynamics (a photocycle of approximately 0.5 second) and is well suited for light detection. The second class has faster dynamics (a photocycle of approximately 0.02 seconds) and is well suited for chemiosmosis: pumping of protons or chloride ions across cell membranes. Oded Beje was the first, in September 2000, to report on a rhodopsin (proteorhodopsin) found in the domain Bacteria. [SOURCE: O. Beje et al., Science 289 (2000) : 1902.]
-A number of systems for pumping ions across membranes are powered by ATP. Such ATP-powered pumps are often called ATPases, although they do not often hydrolyze ATP unless they are simultaneously transporting ions. Because small increases in calcium ions in the cytosol can trigger a number of different intracellular reactions, cells keep the cytosolic calcium concentration quite low under normal conditions, using ATP-powered calcium pumps. For example, muscle cells transport calcium from the cytosol into the membranous system called the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) . If a resting muscle cell's cytosol has a free calcium ion concentration of 10−7 while the concentration in the SR is 10−2, then how is the ATPase acting?

• A) ATPase activity must be powering an inflow of calcium from the outside of the cell into the SR.
• B) ATPase activity must be transferring i to the SR to enable this to occur.
• C) ATPase activity must be pumping calcium from the cytosol to the SR against the concentration gradient.
• D) ATPase activity must be opening a channel for the calcium ions to diffuse back into the SR along the concentration gradient.
• E) ATPase activity must be routing calcium ions from the SR to the cytosol and then to the cell's environment.

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Definitions:

Rehearsal

Repetition.

Seriation

The cognitive ability to arrange objects in order according to size, shape, or any other characteristic.

Decentration

The ability to focus on multiple attributes of an object or situation rather than being locked onto a single aspect.

Mainstreaming

The practice of integrating children with disabilities or special needs into regular educational settings.