The Symbols +, −, and 0 Are to Be Used

question 36

Multiple Choice

The symbols +, −, and 0 are to be used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals in the examples that follow. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, − denotes a negative interaction, and 0 denotes where individuals are not affected by interacting. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned.
-Recall that Clements's view of biological communities is that of a highly predictable and interrelated structure, while Gleason's view of biological communities is that individual species operate independently. If we set up many identical sterilized ponds in the same area and allowed them to be colonized, what should we predict if we wished to test Gleason's hypothesis?

• A) Identical plankton communities will develop in all ponds.
• B) Similar plankton communities will develop in all ponds.
• C) Different plankton communities will develop in all ponds.
• D) Limited plankton communities will develop in all ponds.
• E) Initially the number of species in each pond will be greater than the number normally found in similar environments.

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Definitions:

Quasi-Experiment

A type of study in which the researcher can manipulate an independent variable but cannot random assign participants to conditions.

Randomly Assigned

A method in experimental design where participants are allocated to various groups in a manner that ensures each has an equal chance of being selected, to increase the validity of the results.

Happiness

A state of well-being characterized by emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy.

Laboratory Experiments

Controlled tests or investigations conducted in a specially equipped setting where variables can be manipulated, observed, and measured to study their effects.