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The following question is based on information from Frank M. Frey, "Opposing Natural Selection from Herbivores and Pathogens May Maintain Floral-Color Variation in Claytonia virginica (Portulacaceae) ," Evolution 58(11) , 2004: 2426-37.
Claytonia virginica is a woodland spring herb with flowers that vary from white to pale pink to bright pink. Slugs prefer to eat pink-flowering over white-flowering plants (due to chemical differences between the two) , and plants experiencing severe herbivory are more likely to die. The bees that pollinate this plant also prefer pink to white flowers, so Claytonia with pink flowers have greater relative fruit set than Claytonia with white flowers. A researcher observes that the percentage of different flower colors remains stable in the study population from year to year. Given no other information, if the researcher removes all slugs from the study population, what do you expect to happen to the distribution of flower colors in the population over time?


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Variable Selling

Variable selling refers to the costs associated with selling products that vary with the level of sales activities, such as commissions and shipping expenses.

Administrative Expense

Costs related to the general operation of a business, including executive salaries, legal and financial fees, and other overhead costs.

Fixed Costs

Fixed costs are business expenses that remain constant regardless of the level of production or sales activities.

Contribution Margin

The amount by which sales revenue exceeds variable costs, indicating how much revenue contributes to fixed costs and profits.

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