How Might One Evaluate the Results of Contemporary Empirical Research

question 72

Multiple Choice

How might one evaluate the results of contemporary empirical research with respect to Freud's arguments concerning the development of moral thinking?

• A) The results contradict Freud's notion that the threat of punishment propels the development of moral thinking.
• B) The results contradict Freud's notion that the threat of punishment plays little role in the development of moral thinking.
• C) The results support Freud's notion that the threat of punishment plays little role in the development of moral thinking .
• D) The results contradict Freud's notion that the threat of punishment propels the development of moral thinking

---

Definitions:

Positive Babinski

A reflex action in which the big toe remains extended or extends upward when the sole of the foot is stimulated, indicating neurological abnormality.

Dorsiflexion

The movement that brings the top of the foot toward the shin, decreasing the angle between the dorsal surface of the foot and the leg.

Clonus

A neurological condition characterized by involuntary muscle spasms or contractions resulting from a series of rapid, rhythmic, and repetitive reflexes.

Brainstem Injury

Damage or trauma to the brainstem, which can affect vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and consciousness.