Pavlov Found That the Failure to Distinguish Between the Circle

question 18

Multiple Choice

Pavlov found that the failure to distinguish between the circle and ellipse as CS resulted in

• A) ulcers.
• B) experimental neurosis.
• C) experimental psychosis.
• D) learned helplessness.

---

Definitions:

Congruence

The alignment or correspondence between one's internal feelings and external expressions, seen as essential in authentic communication.

Empathy

The ability to understand and share the feelings of another, crucial in building meaningful connections and providing effective support.

Positive Regard

A therapeutic concept referring to accepting and supporting a person regardless of what the person says or does, especially as a part of the humanistic approach.

Accuracy

The degree to which information is correct, precise, and free from error.