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Typically, the R&D function in a biotechnology organization is powerful because the major source of uncertainty is whether the organization can discover safe, new drugs, and they control this.
Experimentation Problems
Issues arising during the process of conducting experiments that can affect outcomes, such as biases, uncontrollable variables, or ethical considerations.
Causality
Refers to the analysis of causes and their effects. Specifically, causality means that a change in the independent variable (x) produces a change in the dependent variable (y). In analyzing survey data, we establish causality by demonstrating that an association exists between x and y; x precedes y; and the introduction of a causally prior control variable does not result in the original association disappearing.
Empirically Established
Information or theories that are confirmed or supported by observation, experiment, or other forms of scientific research.
Generalizability
The extent to which findings from a study can be applied or extended to broader populations, settings, or times.
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