Use the Following to Answer Questions

question 3

Multiple Choice

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
The following scenario presents fabricated data consistent with the results of the following study:
Gilbertson,M.W. ,Shenton,M.E. ,Ciszewski,A. ,Kasai,K. ,Lasko,N .B. ,Orr,S.P. ,& Pitman,R.K.(2002) .Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma.Nature Neuroscience,5,1242-1247.
Persons who live through a traumatic experience may develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) .PTSD is characterized by chronic physiological arousal,recurrent unwanted thoughts or images,and avoidance of things that bring the trauma to mind,with symptoms persisting for more than 1 month.Persons with PTSD also are at risk for other psychological disorders,with substance abuse disorder being a common comorbid diagnosis.In the last two decades,a number of studies have demonstrated that persons with PTSD have smaller hippocampi than controls.This may result from the neurotoxic effects of stress hormones examined the hippocampal volume of combat veterans with and without PTSD who each had an identical twin who never served in the military.Fabricated results consistent with this study are shown in Figure 15.1.
Figure 15.1
-(Scenario I) For a number of years,psychologists with expertise in the stress response hypothesized that glucocorticoid release at and shortly after the time of trauma were neurotoxic and led to smaller hippocampi.The results of the study by Gilbertson and colleagues (2002) :

• A)provide no evidence as to the veracity of this hypothesis.
• B)are consistent with but do not prove the theory.
• C)demonstrate a cause and effect relation between hippocampal volume and PTSD.
• D)are inconsistent with the hypothesis.

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Definitions:

Beta

An indicator of how much the risk or instability of a security or portfolio deviates from the broader market.

Standard Deviation

A statistical measure of the dispersion of a set of data points from their mean, widely used in finance to quantify the variability of returns.

Required Return

The minimum expected return an investor demands for investing in a particular asset, considering the risk involved.

Correlation Coefficients

Statistical measures that indicate the extent to which two variables fluctuate together.