Use the Following to Answer Questions

question 4

Multiple Choice

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on and provides fabricated data consistent with the following study:
Barber,S.J. ,Rajaram,S. ,& Fox,E.B.(2012) .Learning and remembering with others: The key role of retrieval in shaping group recall and collective memory.Social Cognition,30(1) ,121-132.doi:10.1521/soco.2012.30.1.121
In a typical experiment on collaborative memory,participants first encode information individually and later attempt to recall the information either individually or in a small group (collaboratively) .While the recall of the collaborative group is better than that of any individual,the summed recall of individuals typically is better than the recall of the collaborative group.This is a phenomenon termed collaborative inhibition.Barber,Rajaram,and Fox (2012) investigated this phenomenon during both the encoding and retrieval stages of memory.
Participants created sentences out of a word bank,which provided for the opportunity to encode this information.After completing this task,participants engaged in an unrelated task-solving mazes-for 10 minutes.Then,in a surprise memory test,they were asked to recall as many words from the word bank as possible (retrieval) .
Participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups.In the first group (Alone-Alone) ,participants were studied individually during both the encoding and retrieval phases of the experiment.In the second group (Alone-Collaborative) ,participants were studied individually during the encoding phase and studied as part of a three-member team (triad) during the retrieval phase.In the third group (Collaborative-Alone) ,participants were studied in a triad during the encoding phase but individually during the retrieval phase.Finally,in the fourth group (Collaborative-Collaborative) ,participants completed both phases of the experiment as part of a triad.
Fabricated results illustrating the major finding of Barber et al.(2012) are presented in Figure 6.1.This figure shows the percentage of words from the word bank accurately recalled as a function of group.For the two groups that experienced the retrieval phase individually,scores represent the summed retrieval of the individuals comprising the group.For the two groups that experienced the retrieval phase as part of a triad,scores simply represent the collaborative performance.
Figure 6.1
-(Scenario I) If interested only in the effects of individual or collaborative encoding on subsequent retrieval,one should examine the:

• A)average score of the two groups that encoded individually relative to the average score of the two groups that encoded collaboratively.
• B)average score of the two groups that recalled collaboratively relative to the average score of the two groups that encoded individually.
• C)difference between the Alone-Alone group and the Collaborative-Collaborative group.
• D)difference between the Alone-Collaborative group and the Collaborative-Alone group.

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Definitions:

Population Differences

Variations between groups of organisms of the same species, which may be due to genetic factors, environmental conditions, or both, and can lead to adaptations.

Developmental Explanation

An approach explaining behaviors or traits by understanding the changes that occur in an organism from birth to maturation.

Environmental Determination

The process by which the environment shapes and influences the development and traits of organisms.

Genetic Control

The regulation of an organism's development, behavior, and physiology through its genetic composition.