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A charge of 40 pC is distributed on an isolated spherical conductor that has a 4.0-cm radius.Point A is 1.0 cm from the center of the conductor and point B is 5.0 cm from the center of the conductor.Determine the electric potential difference VA - VB.
Internal Validity
The extent to which a study can demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between variables, without influence from external factors.
External Validity
The degree to which the outcomes of research can be applied to different contexts and populations beyond the experimental environment.
Reversal Design
A single-subject experimental design in which behavior is measured to provide a baseline (A), then again after the treatment has been applied (B), then again after the conditions during baseline have been reintroduced (A), and then once again after the treatment is reintroduced (B). Also known as ABAB design.
Single-Subject Experiments
Research studies that focus on the response of a single subject to experimental treatments over time, allowing detailed observation of behavior changes.
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