In General, Self-Reference Instructions

question 28

Multiple Choice

In general, self-reference instructions

• A) enhance memory in the laboratory, but not in real-life settings.
• B) enhance short-term memory, but not long-term memory.
• C) enhance memory in a wide variety of situations.
• D) are actually no more effective than instructions to use shallow processing.

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Definitions:

Warfare

The engagement in or the activities involved in war or conflict between nations, states, or groups.

State Societies

Complex social organizations characterized by the establishment of a centralized government, social classes, and often, a standing military.

State Collapse

A situation where the structure, authority, law, and political order of a sovereign state disintegrates, often leading to civil strife, lawlessness, and anarchy.

State Societies

Complex societies that have a structured system of government, often characterized by a central authority and social stratification.