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City of London For Over a Century, the City of London, England Has

question 64

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City of London
For over a century, the city of London, England has had the worst traffic in Europe. Drivers spend half of their time not moving in their vehicles, and the average speed is 9 mph, down from 12 mph in 1903 when traffic consisted of horses and carriages instead of cars and trucks. To improve traffic, Ken Livingstone, the mayor of London,
imposed a "Congestion Zone" fee of £8 (about $13) per day for any vehicle that enters the eight square miles of central London between 7 a.m. and 6:30 p.m. on weekdays. Drivers who come into the zone but don't pay will be fined any where from £60 ($96) to £180 ($290) .
The Transport for London and the consultants it hired broke the project into several different steps. First, 688 cameras were used in 203 locations to take accurate pictures of vehicles entering the congestion zone. At each camera site, a color and a black and white camera were used for each lane of traffic that was being monitored. In general, the cameras are only 90% accurate in reading the license plate numbers on the cars. But, with 688 cameras in total, multiple pictures are taken of each car, and partial pictures of license plates are matched with complete pictures, with the former tossed and the latter retained.
Next, the pictures from the cameras are sent via a dedicated fiberoptic cable to an "image management store." Fiberoptic cables were needed because they're the biggest and fastest "pipes" available for sending data from one place to another. The lines were also dedicated so that the system was completely closed and secure. If other systems or networks went down, the congestion zone network would be unaffected. An "image management
store" is basically a huge farm of networked, redundant servers. If one server goes down, you've got multiple backup servers running live with the same data. A huge farm of network servers was needed because the city anticipated processing a million pictures a day (again, remember that multiple pictures are taken of the 250,000 cars entering the zone each day) .
Once the pictures are snapped, transported via fiber-optic cable, and placed in the image management store, the next step is reading the license plate in the picture and then turning that image into readable text that actually matches license plate records already stored in government databases. Transport of London uses software that scans digitized documents-in this case, digital pictures-into ASCII text and then matches and compares multiple pictures of the same license plate. For example, imagine that a license plate is 12345678 and that the congestion cameras get three partial pictures (12345, 34567, and 5678) and one complete picture (12345678) . The software had to be able to know that all four pictures were from the same vehicle, and then it had to know that it should use the last picture (12345678) and not the partial pictures when converting the picture to text. Finally, once the license plate was converted to text, the license plate number would then be matched with an existing license plate already recorded in a government database. At that point, congestion zone charges are linked with whoever owns the vehicles.
-Refer to City of London. What kind of technology is used to turn the license plate number captured by a photograph into readable text that actually matches license plate records already stored in government databases?

Definitions:

Scattergraph

A graphical method used to display the relationship between two quantitative variables, often used to identify trends or patterns.

Least Squares Regression

A statistical method used to model and analyze the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables by minimizing the sum of the squares of the differences between the observed and predicted values.

Variable Manufacturing Cost

Costs that vary with production volume, including direct materials, direct labor, and certain overheads.

Production Volume

The total quantity of units produced during a specific period.