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What is the main form of nitrogenous waste that is excreted from Malpighian tubules?
P-Value
A statistical measure that indicates the probability of observing the results of a study, or more extreme results, if the null hypothesis is true.
Conditional Probability
The probability of an event occurring given that another event has already occurred.
Null Hypothesis
A hypothesis that suggests there is no statistical significance between the two variables in the hypothesis; it's assumed to be true until evidence indicates otherwise.
Alternative Hypothesis
A statistical hypothesis that proposes a difference or effect exists between certain variables, contrasting with the null hypothesis.
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