Scenario II Historically, Psychologists Have Conceptualized Personality in Different Ways. Sigmund Freud's

question 8

Multiple Choice

Scenario II
Historically, psychologists have conceptualized personality in different ways. Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic approach regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires operating largely outside of awareness in the dynamic unconsciousness. According to Freud, personality characteristics develop early in life, are fairly rigid, and describe behavior in a variety of situations. Like Freud, trait theorists such as Gordon Allport viewed traits as stable predispositions to behave in a variety of contexts. Unlike Freud, they did not believe that these traits were the products of unconscious desires. Humanists, such as Abraham Maslow, viewed individual personality differences as arising from the ways in which the environment facilitates or blocks the innate human tendency to reach our own potential. Behaviorists, such as B. F. Skinner, denied the existence of personality as a thing but rather conceptualized it as a mere summary term for a set of reliable behaviors that are reinforced in the presence of similar situations. Different situations, then, might give rise to different behaviors that might be diametrically opposed when labeled in terms of traits. Finally, the social-cognitive approach of Mischel views personality in terms of how people think and respond to the different situations encountered in daily life. In this approach, personality, learning history, and the situation interact to determine behavior, with the power of the situation often trumping the effects of personality.
-(Scenario II) The person-situation controversy focuses on the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by the situation. Which psychologist was the strongest advocate for the importance of the "person?"

• A)Maslow
• B)Allport
• C)Mischel
• D)Skinner

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Definitions:

Primary Appraisal

An individual's initial assessment of a situation to determine its potential impact as positive, neutral, or negative.

Secondary Appraisal

Secondary Appraisal is the stage in the stress response where an individual evaluates their ability to cope or take action against a perceived threat.

Emotion-Focused Coping

A type of stress management that attempts to reduce negative emotional responses associated with stress.

Secondary Appraisal

A process in cognitive appraisal where an individual evaluates their ability to cope with the consequences of an event.