Children Were Asked to Report Their Race Before Taking a Math

question 45

Multiple Choice

Children were asked to report their race before taking a math test. This resulted in poorer performance for _____ children.

• A)only African American
• B)only Asian American
• C)only European American
• D)African American and Asian American

---

Definitions:

Modus Ponens

A form of deductive reasoning that asserts if a conditional statement "If P, then Q" is accepted as true and P is true, then Q must also be true.

Modus Tollens

A method of logical argument that infers the falsehood of a proposition from the impossibility of its consequence.

Hypothetical Syllogism

A form of reasoning where if the first condition holds, then the second condition must follow, leading to a conclusion if the initial hypothesis is true.

Fossils

The preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms from the remote past.