Imagine That Researchers Interested in the Possible Bidirectional Influence of Children's

question 59

Multiple Choice

Imagine that researchers interested in the possible bidirectional influence of children's aggression and parental use of punitive discipline examined these two variables when a group of children was at each of three ages: 4 years old, 8 years old, and 12 years old. Which finding would be the BEST support for the bidirectional influence of these variables?

• A) Greater punitive discipline at age 4 was associated with greater punitive discipline at age 8, which was associated with greater aggression at age 12.
• B) Greater aggression at age 4 was associated with greater punitive discipline at age 8, which was associated with greater aggression at age 12.
• C) Greater aggression at age 4 was associated with greater aggression at age 8, which was associated with greater punitive discipline at age 12.
• D) Less punitive discipline at age 4 was associated with greater aggression at age 8, which was associated with greater aggression at age 12.

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Definitions:

Sadism

The tendency to derive pleasure, especially sexual gratification, from inflicting pain, suffering, or humiliation on others.

Genocide

The intentional and methodical annihilation of a group based on their nationality, race, politics, or culture.

Psychopaths

Individuals displaying a long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others, often lacking empathy and remorse.

Perpetrators

Individuals who commit a harmful, illegal, or immoral act.