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One of the driving forces in operating system evolution is advancement in the underlying hardware technology.
Medullary Concentration Gradient
A gradient of solute concentration in the kidney medulla that facilitates water reabsorption and urine concentration through osmosis.
Urea Molecules
Organic compounds and the main nitrogen-containing substance in the urine of mammals, formed in the liver from ammonia and carbon dioxide.
Ascending Limb
The part of the loop of Henle in the nephron that transports fluid from the lower to the upper parts of the kidney.
Filtrate Reabsorption
The process by which the kidneys recover water and essential ions from the filtrate during urine formation.
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