Mark and Kathy Take Their Two-Year-Old Son to the Supermarket

question 197

Multiple Choice

Mark and Kathy take their two-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday.Each week,the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams,demanding that they buy him treats.Although they refuse to give in to his demands,he continues to scream.Finally,either Mark or Kathy gets in their son's face and yells at the top of their lungs,"Shut up!" He stops screaming instantly.What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story?

• A)The parents are using negative reinforcement to increase their son's screaming.
• B)The parents are in a very dysfunctional marriage;their child's screaming is his way of trying to get his parents to remain married.
• C)The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming;their use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming.
• D)Their son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home,and now he is reinforced on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement.

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Definitions:

Activation-Synthesis Theory

A hypothesis in neuroscience that dreams are caused by the brain trying to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep.

Cognitive Development

The process through which individuals acquire and progress in their ability to think, reason, and understand complex concepts over time.

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

A region of the brain in the hypothalamus responsible for controlling circadian rhythms.

Retinal Proteins

A group of proteins in the retina that play a crucial role in vision by converting light into signals that can be interpreted by the brain.