How and Why Has the Definition of Traumatic Events Changed

question 127

Essay

How and why has the definition of traumatic events changed from earlier versions of DSM to the current DSM? What have surveys revealed about traumatic events?

Grasp the concept of total quality management and its impact on organizational performance.

Understand the need for managers to support team efforts and the practical implications of an upside-down pyramid structure in organizations.

Recognize the variety of management functions and the importance of adapting management approaches to changing work environments.

Identify the characteristics of effective management and the critical skills needed for the new workplace.

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Definitions:

Cognitive Economy

A principle of hierarchical semantic networks such that properties and facts about a node are stored at the highest level possible. For example, the fact “is alive” would be stored with the node for “animal” rather than stored with each node under animal such as “dog” and “cat.”

Encoding Specificity

A principle of retrieval asserted by Tulving. At the time material is first put into long-term memory, it is encoded in a particular way, depending on the context present at the time. At the time of recall, the person is at a great advantage if the same contextually supplied information available at encoding is once again available.

Connectionism

An approach to cognition emphasizing parallel processing of information through immense networks of interconnected nodes. Models developed in the connectionist tradition are sometimes declared to share certain similarities with the way collections of neurons operate in the brain; hence, some connectionist models are referred to as neural networks.

Hierarchical Network Model

A cognitive psychology theory proposing that mental categories are organized in a hierarchical manner, where broader categories encompass more specific ones.