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commercial signature must be linked to the data message being signed, in such a manner that if the message is changed the signature is invalidated. Such a linkage may be regarded as a crucial requirement for a commercial signature, since otherwise the signature could be simply excised from one data message and pasted onto another.
Non-Representative Sampling
A sampling method where the participants selected for a study do not accurately reflect the larger population being studied, leading to potential bias in results.
Double-Blind Procedure
A study or experiment design in which both the participants and the experimenters do not know who is receiving a particular treatment, to prevent bias.
Placebo Control Procedure
A method used in research where a group of participants receives a sham treatment, allowing for comparison with a group receiving the actual treatment to determine its effect.
Stereotaxic Procedure
A surgical technique that allows precise positioning of instruments or lesions within the brain using a three-dimensional coordinate system.
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