A Professor Is Interested in Whether One's Confidence Influences One's

question 10

Multiple Choice

A professor is interested in whether one's confidence influences one's self-esteem or whether it is one's self-esteem that influences one's self-confidence. He measures his students' levels of self-esteem and confidence and learns that they are positively correlated. One year later the professor reassesses the students' self-esteem and confidence levels. He finds that there is a stronger correlation between one's confidence at time one and one's self-esteem one year later than the correlation between one's self-esteem at time one and one's confidence level one year later. Which type of quasi-experimental design is the professor employing?

• A) a single-case experimental design
• B) a time-series design
• C) a cross-lagged panel design
• D) nonequivalent groups design

---

Definitions:

Need For Achievement

A psychological trait that signifies the drive or motivation to accomplish tasks and attain goals.

Incentive Value

The perceived worth or desirability of a reward that motivates behavior or encourages action towards a goal.

Low Expectation

A belief that a future event or outcome will likely be of lesser quality or significance.

Cognitive Components

Refers to the mental processes involved in perception, memory, and decision-making that contribute to an individual's ability to process information.