Answer the Following Questions

question 42

Multiple Choice

Answer the following questions :
-National Child Labor Committee

• A)An 1883 law establishing a nonpartisan Civil Service Commission to fill federal jobs by examination.The act dealt a major blow to the "spoils system" and sought to ensure that government positions were filled by trained,professional employees.
• B)Landmark 1890 act that forbade anticompetitive business activities,requiring the federal government to investigate trusts and any companies operating in violation of the act.
• C)Also known as the Federal Elections Bill of 1890,a bill proposing that whenever 100 citizens in any district appealed for intervention,a bipartisan federal board could investigate and seat the rightful winner.The defeat of the bill was a blow to those seeking to defend African American voting rights and to ensure full participation in politics.
• D)An 1892 statement by the Populists calling for stronger government to protect ordinary Americans.
• E)A policy of loosening the money supply by expanding federal coinage to include silver as well as gold.Advocates of the policy thought it would encourage borrowing and stimulate industry,but the defeat of Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan ended the this movement and gave Republicans power to retain the gold standard.
• F)An 1898 Supreme Court ruling that allowed states to impose poll taxes and literacy tests.By 1908,every southern state had adopted such measures.
• G)A 1905 Supreme Court ruling that New York State could not limit bakers' workday to ten hours because that violated bakers' rights to make contracts.
• H)A 1906 antitrust law that empowered the federal Interstate Commerce Commission to set railroad shipment rates wherever they believed that railroads were unfairly colluding to set prices.
• I)A 1911 Supreme Court decision that directed the breakup of the Standard Oil Company into smaller companies,because its overwhelming market dominance and monopoly power violated antitrust laws.
• J)A 1902 law,supported by President Theodore Roosevelt,that allowed the federal government to sell public lands to raise money for irrigation projects that expanded agriculture on arid lands.
• K)A policy promoted by Republican governor Robert La Follette of Wisconsin for greater government intervention in the economy,with reliance on experts,particularly progressive economists,for policy recommendations.
• L)A reform organization that worked (unsuccessfully)to win a federal law banning child labor.The organization hired photographer Lewis Hine to record brutal conditions in mines and mills where thousands of children worked.
• M)A 1908 Supreme Court case that upheld an Oregon law limiting women's workday to ten hours,based on the need to protect women's health for motherhood.Muller complicated the earlier decision in Lochner v.New York,laying out grounds on which states could intervene to protect workers.It divided women's rights activists,however,because some saw its provisions as discriminatory.
• N)A term used by Harvard-educated sociologist W.E.B.Du Bois for the top 10 percent of educated African Americans,whom he called on to develop new strategies to advocate for civil rights.
• O)An organization founded in 1910 by leading African American reformers and white allies as a vehicle for advocating equal rights for African Americans,especially through the courts.
• P)An umbrella union and radical political group founded in 1905,dedicated to organizing unskilled workers to oppose capitalism.Nicknamed the Wobblies,it advocated direct action by workers,including sabotage and general strikes.
• Q)In a 1910 speech,Theodore Roosevelt called for the practice of an ideology that promoted government intervention to enhance public welfare,including a federal child labor law,more recognition of labor rights,a national minimum wage for women,women's suffrage,and curbs on the power of federal courts to stop reform.
• R)Act establishing the central bank system of the United States,created in 1913.This system helps set the money supply level,thus influencing the rate of growth of the U.S.economy,and seeks to ensure the stability of the U.S.monetary system.
• S)A 1914 law that strengthened federal definitions of "monopoly" and gave more power to the Justice Department to pursue antitrust cases;it also specified that labor unions could not generally be prosecuted for "restraint of trade," ensuring that antitrust laws would apply to corporations rather than unions.

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Definitions:

Natural Monopoly

A market condition where a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a lower cost than two or more firms.

Average Total Cost

The total cost of production (fixed plus variable costs) divided by the total quantity of output.

Market Output

The aggregate amount of products and services created and available for purchase within a market.

Merging of Firms

The process where two or more separate entities come together to form a single, combined organization, typically to achieve economic efficiencies or market advantages.