Answer the Following Questions

question 77

Multiple Choice

Answer the following questions :
-Beecher-Tilton scandal

• A)A plan proposed by President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War,but never implemented,that would have granted amnesty to most ex-Confederates and allowed each rebellious state to return to the Union as soon as 10 percent of its voters had taken a loyalty oath and the state had approved the Thirteenth Amendment.
• B)A bill proposed by Congress in July 1864 that required an oath of allegiance by a majority of each state's adult white men,new governments formed only by those who had never taken up arms against the Union,and permanent disenfranchisement of Confederate leaders.The plan was passed but pocket vetoed by President Abraham Lincoln.
• C)Laws passed by southern states after the Civil War that denied ex-slaves the civil rights enjoyed by whites,punished vague crimes such as "vagrancy" or failing to have a labor contract,and tried to force African Americans back to plantation labor systems that closely mirrored those in slavery times.
• D)Government organization created in March 1865 to aid displaced blacks and other war refugees.Active until the early 1870s,it was the first federal agency in history that provided direct payments to assist those in poverty and to foster social welfare.
• E)Legislation passed by Congress that nullified the Black Codes and affirmed that African Americans should have equal benefit of the law.
• F)Constitutional amendment ratified in 1868 that made all native-born or naturalized persons U.S.citizens and prohibited states from abridging the rights of national citizens,thus giving primacy to national rather than state citizenship.
• G)An act that divided the conquered South into five military districts,each under the command of a U.S.general.To reenter the Union,former Confederate states had to grant the vote to freedmen and deny it to leading ex-Confederates.
• H)Constitutional amendment ratified in 1869 that forbade states to deny citizens the right to vote on grounds of race,color,or "previous condition of servitude."
• I)A women's suffrage organization led by Lucy Stone,Henry Blackwell,and others who remained loyal to the Republican Party,despite its failure to include women's voting rights in the Reconstruction Amendments.Stressing the urgency of voting rights for African American men,leaders of this organization held out hope that once Reconstruction had been settled,it would be women's turn.
• J)A suffrage group headed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B.Anthony that stressed the need for women to lead organizations on their own behalf.The NWSA focused exclusively on women's rights-sometimes denigrating men of color in the process-and took up the battle for a federal women's suffrage amendment.
• K)A Supreme Court decision in 1875 that ruled that suffrage rights were not inherent in citizenship and had not been granted by the Fourteenth Amendment,as some women's rights advocates argued.Women were citizens,the Court ruled,but state legislatures could deny women the vote if they wished.
• L)A trial,triggered by revelations made by free love advocate and journalist Victoria Woodhull,that exposed unconventional sexual relationships among a leading New York abolitionist pastor and his congregants,discrediting Radical Reconstruction by associating some of its advocates with alleged sexual immorality.
• M)The labor system by which landowners and impoverished southern farmworkers,particularly African Americans,divided the proceeds from crops harvested on the landowner's property.With local merchants providing supplies-in exchange for a lien on the crop-this labor system pushed farmers into cash-crop production and often trapped them in long-term debt.
• N)Notorious system,begun during Reconstruction,whereby southern state officials allowed private companies to hire out prisoners to labor under brutal conditions in mines and other industries.
• O)A law that required "full and equal" access to jury service and to transportation and public accommodations,irrespective of race.
• P)The political ideology of individual liberty,private property,a competitive market economy,free trade,and limited government.The ideal is a laissez faire or "let alone" policy,in which government does the least possible,particularly in reference to economic policies such as tariffs and incentives for industrial development.Attacking corruption and defending private property,late-nineteenth-century liberals generally called for elite governance and questioned the advisability of full democratic participation.
• Q)A sham corporation set up by shareholders in the Union Pacific Railroad to secure government grants at an enormous profit.Organizers of the scheme protected it from investigation by providing gifts of its stock to powerful members of Congress.
• R)Secret society that first undertook violence against African Americans in the South after the Civil War but was reborn in 1915 to fight the perceived threats posed by African Americans,immigrants,radicals,feminists,Catholics,and Jews.
• S)Acts passed in Congress in 1870 and signed by President U.S.Grant that were designed to protect freedmen's rights under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.Authorizing federal prosecutions,military intervention,and martial law to suppress terrorist activity,the Enforcement Laws largely succeeded in shutting down Klan activities.
• T)A group of decisions begun in 1873 in which the Court began to undercut the power of the Fourteenth Amendment to protect African American rights.
• U)A series of 1883 Supreme Court decisions that struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875,rolling back key Reconstruction laws and paving the way for later decisions that sanctioned segregation.

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Definitions:

Deactivating Group

A substituent attached to an aromatic ring that decreases the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.

Activating Group

A substituent attached to a reactive center in a chemical compound that increases the compound’s reactivity.

Inductive Destabilization

The destabilization of a molecule due to the transmission of charge through bonds, typically affecting reactivity and stability.

Resonance

A concept in chemistry where a molecule is represented by two or more structures to depict its electron distribution more accurately.