Answer the Following Questions

question 3

Multiple Choice

Answer the following questions :
-hunters and gatherers

• A)Societies whose members gather food by hunting,fishing,and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.Because these members of society are mobile,moving seasonally through their territory to exploit resources,they have neither fixed townsites nor weighty material goods.
• B)Societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing.These societies often occupy large village sites near their fields in the summer,then disperse during the winter months into smaller hunting,fishing,and gathering camps,regathering again in spring to plant their crops.
• C)A Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and the Southeast from c.A.D.850-c.A.D.1700.Characterized by maize agriculture,moundbuilding,and distinctive pottery styles,these communities were complex chiefdoms usually located along the floodplains of rivers.The largest of these communities was Cahokia,in modern-day Illinois.
• D)A culture area of Native Americans that extends from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the Great Plains,and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.This area can be subdivided into the southeastern and northeastern woodlands.Peoples of this area were generally semisedentary,with agriculture based on maize,beans,and squash.Most,but not all,were chiefdoms.
• E)A Native American language family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands,Great Lakes,and subarctic regions of eastern North America.This language family should not be confused with the Algonquins,who were a single nation inhabiting the St.Lawrence Valley at the time of first contact.
• F)A Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands.This language family should not be confused with the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy,which inhabited the territory of modern-day upstate New York at the time of first contact.
• G)A league of five Native American nations-the Mohawks,Oneidas,Onondagas,Cayugas,and Senecas-probably formed around A.D.1450.A sixth nation,the Tuscaroras,joined the confederacy around 1720.Condolence ceremonies introduced by a Mohawk named Hiawatha formed the basis for the league.Positioned between New France and New Netherland (later New York),this alliance played a central role in the era of European colonization.
• H)Five enormous,interconnected freshwater lakes-Ontario,Erie,Huron,Michigan,and Superior-that dominate eastern North America.In the era before long-distance overland travel,they were the center of the continent's transportation system.
• I)A broad plateau region that stretches from central Texas in the south to the Canadian plains in the north,bordered on the east by the eastern woodlands and on the west by the Rocky Mountains.Averaging around 20 inches of rainfall a year,these lands are primarily grasslands that support grazing but not crop agriculture.
• J)A high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles,this area is bordered by the Great Plains on the east and the Great Basin on the west.Native peoples fished,gathered roots and berries,and hunted elk,deer,and bighorn sheep there.Silver mining boomed in this area in the nineteenth century.
• K)An arid basin-and-range region bounded by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Mountains on the west,all of its water drains or evaporates within the basin.A resource-scarce environment,this region was thinly populated by Native American hunter-gatherers,who ranged long distances to support themselves.
• L)The traditional term for farmworkers in Europe.Some owned land,while others leased or rented small plots from landlords.
• M)A state without a monarch or prince that is governed by representatives of the people.
• N)A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine.For centuries,the Roman Catholic Church was the great unifying institution in Western Europe,and it was from Europe that this religion spread to the Americas.
• O)A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet.Following the death of Muhammad in A.D.632,the newly converted Arab peoples of North Africa used force and fervor to spread the Muslim faith into sub-Saharan Africa,India,Indonesia,Spain,and the Balkan regions of Europe.
• P)A series of wars undertaken by Christian armies between A.D.1096 and 1291 to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived.
• Q)The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church and that precipitated an enduring schism that divided Protestants from Catholics.
• R)A reaction in the Catholic Church triggered by the Reformation that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders,including the Jesuits (founded in 1540),who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.
• S)A system of production characterized by unfree laborers producing cash crops for distant markets.This system developed in sugar-producing areas of the Mediterranean world and was transferred to the Americas,where it took root in tropical and subtropical areas including Brazil,the West Indies,and southeastern North America.In addition to sugar,the system was adapted to produce tobacco,rice,indigo,and cotton.

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Definitions:

Variable Costs

Expenses that fluctuate in direct proportion to production levels or output, including labor and materials.

Short-run Supply Curve

A graphical representation of the quantity of goods a firm is willing and able to supply to the market at different prices, over a short period where at least one input is fixed.

Marginal Cost

The financial commitment needed for the creation of an additional unit of a product or service.

Fixed Cost

Expenses that do not vary with the level of production or sales, such as rent, salaries, or insurance costs.