The capital asset pricing model is given by: 
,where 
= expected return on the market, 
= risk-free market return,and 
= expected return on a stock or portfolio of interest.The response variable in this model is:
Definitions:
Stud-Piloted Disc
A type of wheel mounting system where studs align and secure the disc wheel in place, often found in heavy-duty vehicles.
Wheel-Off Incidents
Occurrences where a wheel detaches from a vehicle while it is in motion, leading to potential accidents or damage.
Cast Spoke Wheels
Wheels made by pouring molten metal into molds with spokes, commonly used in heavy-duty applications for their strength.
Loaded Front Axle
A front axle that carries a significant portion of the vehicle's weight or load, enhancing traction and stability.
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