The capital asset pricing model is given by: 
,where 
= expected return on the market, 
= risk-free market return,and 
= expected return on a stock or portfolio of interest.The response variable in this model is:
Definitions:
Union Membership
The status of being a member of a labor union, which is an organization that represents the collective interests of workers in negotiations with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions.
Unionization Rate
The proportion of workers in a workforce or industry that are members of a labor union, reflecting organized labor's prevalence.
Industrial Nations
Countries with developed economies characterized by significant industrial activity, high standards of living, and advanced technological infrastructure.
Union Membership
Being a part of an organization that represents the interests of workers to negotiate wages, work conditions, and benefits collectively.
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