Exhibit 12-1 A card dealing machine deals spades (1) ,hearts (2) ,clubs (3) ,and diamonds (4) at random as if from an infinite deck.In a randomness check,1,600 cards were dealt and counted.The results are shown below. 
Refer to Exhibit 12.1.The p-value is:
Definitions:
Female Babies
refer to infants who are biologically identified as female at birth.
Malthusian Perspective
A viewpoint based on Thomas Malthus' theory that population growth tends to outpace the growth of food supply, leading to inevitable constraints such as famine and poverty unless controlled.
Capitalism
An economic system where trade, industries, and the means of production are largely or entirely privately owned and operated for profit.
Demographic Trends
Patterns in the composition of a population over time, including changes in fertility, mortality, and migration rates.
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