A Thermodynamic System Is Taken in Equilibrium Steps from State

question 56

Multiple Choice

A thermodynamic system is taken in equilibrium steps from State I to State II. The quantities by which the process can be characterized are

1 internal energy,
2 entropy,
3 temperature,
4 work, and
5 heat.

Of these quantities, those that are independent of path are

• A) 1, 2, and 3.
• B) 2, 3, and 4.
• C) 3, 4, and 5.
• D) 1, 3, and 5.
• E) 2, 3, and 5.

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Definitions:

Fetus

The developmental stage of a human between embryonic state and birth, typically from eight weeks after conception until birth.

Birth Defects

Conditions that are present at birth affecting the structure or function of the body, ranging from mild to severe.

Teratogens

Agents or factors that cause malformation of an embryo or fetus, including certain drugs, infections, and chemicals.

Embryonic Stage

The period during pregnancy from the second to the eighth week post-conception, when significant growth and development of the embryo occur.