Alkaline Hydrolysis of an Ester Involves Initial Attack by Hydroxide

question 3

Multiple Choice

Alkaline hydrolysis of an ester involves initial attack by hydroxide ion on the carbonyl carbon.The presence of substituents on the aromatic ring of ethyl benzoate may be expected to increase/decrease the rate of hydrolysis of this ester.In what order should the five substituents below be arranged to represent the decreasing order of the rates of hydrolysis when these substituents are present in the para position of the aromatic ring in ethyl benzoate?

• A)-NO₂ > -H > -Cl > -CH₃ > -OCH₃
• B)-NO₂ > -Cl > -H > -CH₃ > -OCH₃
• C)-OCH₃ > -CH₃ > -Cl > -H > -NO₂
• D)-Cl > -NO₂ > -H > -OCH₃ > -CH₃
• E)-H > -Cl > -CH₃ > -OCH₃ > -NO₂

Grasp the concept of internal controls and their significance in accounting system design.

Appreciate the dynamic nature of accounting systems and their evolution in response to business needs.

Understand the basic concepts related to bonds and their interest rates.

Differentiate between various types of investments and their associated risks.

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Definitions:

EBIT

Earnings Before Interest and Taxes, a measure of a firm’s profit that includes all expenses except interest and income tax expenses.

FCFF

Free Cash Flow to the Firm, a measure of a company's financial flexibility that represents the amount of cash generated by a company that is available for distribution among all its security holders.

Tax Bracket

Categories of income tax rates that increase progressively with the amount of taxable income.

FCFE

Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) is the amount of cash available to the equity shareholders of a company after all expenses, reinvestment, and debt payments have been made.