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Instructors gave caffeine to fruit flies to see if it affected their rest. The three treatments were a control, a low caffeine dose of 1 mg/ml of blood, and a higher caffeine dose of 5 mg/ml of blood. Fifteen fruit flies were assigned at random to three treatments, five to each treatment. The minutes of rest measured over a 12-hour period were recorded; the data follow. Minitab was used to obtain 95% simultaneous confidence intervals for the differences in means among the three treatments using Tukey's procedure; the results follow.
From these intervals:
Role Congruity Theory
A social psychological theory which posits that individuals receive more favorable evaluations when their behaviors are congruent with the roles expected of their social group.
Prejudice
Preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience; bias.
Leadership Effectiveness
The extent to which a leader is able to achieve organizational or team objectives through the direction, motivation, and guidance of others.
Gender Differences
Variations in characteristics, behaviors, or attributes between males and females, often influenced by cultural, social, and biological factors.
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