In a study to investigate the effect of regular exercise on raising HDL (good cholesterol) levels, a random sample of five male subjects known to have low HDL levels had their HDL measured. after six months on a regular exercise schedule, it was measured again. The data are given in the following table. 
The standardized value z of the Wilcoxon signed rank test W+ is:
Definitions:
Commercial Applicability
The suitability or potential of a product or invention to be used, marketed, or sold in a commercial context.
Expected-Rate-of-Return Curve
A graphical representation showing the expected return on investment for varying levels of risk or different scenarios.
Interest-Rate Cost-of-Funds Curve
A graphical representation showing the relationship between the cost of funds for financial institutions and the interest rates over different periods.
Optimal R&D Expenditures
The level of spending on research and development that maximizes a firm's profit or efficiency while being sustainable in the long term.
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