Most Defamation Cases Brought by Public Official or Public Figure

question 51

Multiple Choice

Most defamation cases brought by public official or public figure plaintiffs are won by the defendant, because the plaintiff was unable to prove:

• A) knowledge of falsity.
• B) actual malice.
• C) reckless disregard for the truth.
• D) the actual statements.

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Definitions:

Repeated Exposure

The process of being exposed to the same stimulus or environment multiple times, affecting perceptions or behaviors.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

Conditioned Stimulus

A conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with an unconditioned stimulus, eventually triggers a conditioned response.

Unconditioned Stimulus

In behavioral psychology, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior conditioning.