Let 
and S be a closed and smooth surface enclosing a region V.
If V and its boundary do not include the origin, what is the value of 
?
Definitions:
Erik Erikson
A developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on the psychological development of human beings.
Adolescence
The transitional phase of growth and development between childhood and adulthood, typically involving significant physical, psychological, and social changes.
Identity
The sense of self, including personal qualities, beliefs, values, and perceptions, which distinguishes an individual from others.
Formal-operations Stage
The final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, starting around age 12, where abstract, logical, and systematic thinking becomes possible.
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