The Best Tasting Ice Creams Are Generally High in Fat

question 9

Essay

The best tasting ice creams are generally high in fat content, which gives them a creamy texture. Four brands of ice cream were tested by consumers who graded their level of creaminess (A = very creamy to F = not creamy). Each brand was rated by a different group of consumers (the data are shown below). Are there differences in perceived creaminess among the four brands?
a. What nonparametric method is appropriate for analyzing these data?
b. State the null and alternative hypotheses.
c. Perform the test and state your conclusion at α = 0.10.
d. If these data did satisfy the assumptions for performing ANOVA, what are the disadvantages of using this nonparametric method instead?

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Definitions:

Contingency Theory

A theory in organizational behavior that suggests the effectiveness of leadership depends on the situation at hand and how certain factors affect the situation's outcome.

Social Learning

The process of acquiring new behaviors through observation and imitation of others, as proposed by Albert Bandura.

Classical Conditioning

The procedure of learning through establishing connections between a stimulus from the surroundings and one that occurs naturally.

Secondary Reinforcers

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as conditioned reinforcers.