It Was Long Thought That Cell Differentiation Was Irreversible,i

question 58

Essay

It was long thought that cell differentiation was irreversible,i.e.,once a cell like a fibroblast,a white blood cell or a cartilage cell has differentiated,it could not revert to any other cell type.Surprisingly,this is not the case.Shinya Yamanaka and his colleagues have succeeded in reprogramming a fully differentiated mouse cell,specifically a type of connective tissue fibroblast,into a pluripotent stem cell.How was this stunning feat accomplished? How did they demonstrate that iPS cells were indeed pluripotent?

Identify appropriate body parts for subcutaneous injections.

Recognize different types of vaccines and their corresponding diseases.

Understanding the measurements and techniques for administering injections.

Identify vaccinations for specific viruses.

---

Definitions:

Lens

A piece of transparent material, typically glass or plastic, that refracts or focuses light rays, used in glasses and cameras.

Vestibule

The area in the inner ear between the semicircular canals and the cochlea.

Semicircular Canals

Structures in the inner ear that help a person maintain balance; each of the three canals is positioned at right angles to the other two.

Cochlea

A spiral-shaped canal in the inner ear that contains the hearing receptors.