Perform the indicated operations and simplify the expression. 
Definitions:
Independent Variables
Variables in an experiment or model that are manipulated or varied by the researcher to determine their effect on the dependent variable.
First-Order Model
A first-order model in dynamics or control theory refers to a system whose behavior is described by a first-order differential equation, showing how the system's output responds over time to changes in input.
Unit Increase
A single increment of increase in the value or level of a variable or measurement.
Holding Constant
A method in scientific and economic studies where certain variables are fixed to isolate the effects of others.
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