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Identify the trace of the surface in the plane z = 0.
Participants
Individuals who take part in a study or experiment, providing data for analysis.
Groups
Collections of subjects, items, or categories that are studied in research or statistical analyses.
One-way ANOVA
A statistical test used to determine if there are statistically significant differences between the means of three or more independent groups based on one variable.
F-ratio
The F-ratio is a statistic used to compare variances across groups, often in ANOVA, to test if the means of several groups are equal.
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