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Let . Find all second-order partial derivatives of .
Probability Density Function
A function that describes the relative likelihood for a continuous random variable to occur at a specific point.
Null Hypothesis
A default hypothesis that there is no significant difference or effect, often tested against an alternative hypothesis in statistical analysis to evaluate the strength of evidence.
Test Statistic
A numerical value computed from a statistical test's sample data, used in hypothesis testing to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis.
Critical Value
A point on a statistical distribution that represents a threshold beyond which observations are considered to be statistically significant.
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