23) Multiple Autoimmune Diseases Are Associated with Particular Alleles of MHC

question 15

Multiple Choice

23) Multiple autoimmune diseases are associated with particular alleles of MHC class II molecules. For example, individuals expressing HLA-DR2 are nearly 16 times more likely to develop Goodpasture's syndrome than individuals expressing other HLA-DR alleles. The evidence to date indicate that these associations between MHC class II alleles and specific autoimmune diseases are due to:

• A) Enhanced negative selection in the thymus mediated by disease-associated HLA alleles
• B) Allelic variations in non-MHC class II genes encoded in the HLA locus
• C) Differences in the peptide-binding properties of different MHC class II alleles
• D) Differences in the autoantigens expressed in males versus females with disease-associated alleles
• E) Differences in the development of FoxP3+ regulatory CD4 T cells in individuals expressing different alleles

---

Definitions:

Net Present Value

A financial metric that calculates the present value of all future cash flows (positive and negative) expected from a project or investment, discounted back to their present value.

Debt-Equity Ratio

A measure showing the relative contributions of debt and shareholders' equity in a company’s asset financing.

Retained Earnings

The portion of net earnings not paid out as dividends but retained by the company to be reinvested in its core business or to pay debt.