Listeria Monocytogenes Is a Bacterial Pathogen That Causes a Variety

question 3

Multiple Choice

Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterial pathogen that causes a variety of diseases including gastroenteritis, encephalitis, and sepsis. The bacterium has evolved a strategy to replicate in the cytosol of macrophages, and to spread from one macrophage to another using the host's actin machinery to facilitate direct transfer between cells, thereby avoiding the extracellular space. This unique lifestyle of L. monocytogenes is dependent on the bacteria encoding enzymes that:

• A) Lyse the phagocytic vesicle membrane, allowing bacterial escape into the cytoplasm
• B) Prevent bacterial membrane proteins from activating pattern recognition receptors expressed in the macrophage
• C) Block the MHC class II antigen presentation pathway
• D) Block the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway
• E) Induce the formation of granulomas that allow the bacteria to persist indefinitely in the host

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Definitions:

Psychosexual Stages

Freud's theory of five developmental stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) that children pass through, each characterized by sexual pleasure in parts of the body.

Last Stage

This can refer to the final phase in a process or sequence, such as the last stage of a life cycle, or the concluding part of a theatrical production.

Genital Stage

The final stage in Freud’s psychosexual stages; from puberty on, sexual urges are allowed back into consciousness and the individual moves toward adult social and sexual behavior.

Freudian Stages

A series of developmental stages that Sigmund Freud theorized children go through, each associated with a different area of pleasure.