IgM Antibodies Are Much More Efficient Than IgG at Activating

question 13

Multiple Choice

IgM antibodies are much more efficient than IgG at activating the complement cascade. However, under certain circumstances, IgG antibodies will activate the complement pathway. One example of a situation in which IgG binding to its antigen will not trigger the complement cascade is when:

• A) The IgG antibodies bind to a multivalent soluble antigen in solution, such as a polysaccharide structure shed from a bacterial pathogen.
• B) The IgG antibodies bind to a viral capsid protein that is present in more than 100 copies on the viral particle surface.
• C) The IgG antibodies bind to a bacterial surface by recognizing a repetitive polysaccharide component of the bacterial capsule.
• D) The IgG antibodies are binding self-antigens such as chromatin released from dead cells.
• E) The IgG antibodies are neutralizing a bacterial toxin protein by blocking the receptor-attachment site on the toxin.

Understand the difference between educational attainment and achievement, and recognize the influence of societal and teacher expectations on student outcomes.

Identify theories that challenge the traditional views on education and its function in society.

Understand the contributions of key theorists like Pierre Bourdieu to the sociology of education.

Acknowledge the phenomenon of credential inflation and its implications for students and employers.

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Definitions:

Implicit Costs

They represent the opportunity costs of using resources that a company already owns, rather than the out-of-pocket expenses.

Economic Costs

The total cost of production, including both explicit costs like wages and materials and implicit costs such as opportunity costs.

Accounting Profit

The total revenue of a business minus the explicit costs associated with that revenue, calculated using generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).

Long Run

A period of time in economics during which all factors of production and costs are variable, allowing for full adjustment to changes.