Experimental Mouse Models Have Been Developed to Study the Mechanisms $\beta$

question 11

Multiple Choice

Experimental mouse models have been developed to study the mechanisms leading to the breakdown of self-tolerance and the onset of autoimmunity. One strategy is to express a foreign antigen, such as a viral protein, in a single defined cell type in a peripheral organ. For instance, the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) glycoprotein has been expressed in β-islet cells of the pancreas by making a line of mice that is transgenic for a construct linking the LCMV-glycoprotein gene to the insulin promoter. In these transgenic mice, the LCMV protein is expressed only in pancreatic $\beta$ -islet cells. Thymocytes with T-cell receptors specific for a peptide of LCMV-glycoprotein bound to MHC class I develop normally in the thymus, and do not undergo negative selection. The fate of these T cells once they emigrate from the thymus would likely be:

• A) They would be activated in the periphery and attach and kill the pancreatic \(\beta\)-islet cells.
• B) They would either be deleted in the periphery or would become unresponsive.
• C) They would induce an inflammatory response in the pancreas that would up-regulate co-stimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells.
• D) They would secrete cytokines that promote T cell proliferation.
• E) They would differentiate into virus-specific memory T cells that would protect mice upon infection with LCMV.

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Definitions:

Reserve Requirements

Reserve requirements are regulations set by central banks determining the minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold against deposits.

Vault Cash

Physical money that is held in banks' vaults, often used to meet day-to-day withdrawal demands and regulatory reserve requirements.

Banking Act

Legislation that regulates the operation of banks, establishes banking practices, and ensures the stability and integrity of the banking system.

Reserve Requirements

Central bank regulations that set the minimum fraction of customer deposits and notes that each commercial bank must hold as reserves rather than lend or invest.