In Some Vertebrates, Such as Rays and Some Shark Species

question 4

Multiple Choice

In some vertebrates, such as rays and some shark species, immunoglobulin light chain genes consist of multiple units of already rearranged VJ-C genes, of which one is chosen for expression in a developing B cell. This strategy may have evolved in these organisms:

• A) Prior to the evolution of rearranging gene segments requiring somatic recombination in developing B cells
• B) Prior to the evolution of the RAG1 and RAG2 enzymes needed for recombination
• C) As a mechanism to increase light chain diversity beyond that achieved by the use of rearranging gene segments in humans
• D) As a mechanism to increase light chain diversity beyond that achieved the gene conversion process used in chickens
• E) As a means to generate a rapid response to common pathogens encountered by these animals

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Definitions:

Payment Date

The specific date on which dividends are actually paid out to shareholders or when a debt obligation must be repaid.

Controlling Influence

The power to govern the financial and operating policies of another entity through ownership, contract, or otherwise, often resulting in a parent-subsidiary relationship.

Parent

A company that controls other companies (subsidiaries) through ownership of more than half their voting stock or by having a significant influence over them.

Equity Method Investments

An accounting technique used to record investments in which the investor has significant influence over the investee but does not control it outright, typically through the ownership of 20% to 50% of the voting stock.