In Recent Years, Several New Vaccines Have Been Developed That

question 20

Multiple Choice

In recent years, several new vaccines have been developed that are made from purified viral surface proteins, rather than intact or live viruses. They are referred to as subunit vaccines. In order to generate a protective adaptive immune response to a subunit vaccine, the viral protein(s) must be mixed with an adjuvant. The adjuvant functions to:

• A) Mimic the process of normal virus entry by binding to the host receptor and inducing receptor-mediated endocytosis
• B) Induce vascular permeability to promote the accumulation of fluid and serum proteins at the vaccine injection site
• C) Induce the production of chemotactic proteins that recruit neutrophils and then monocytes to the site of vaccine injection
• D) Stimulate dendritic cells to up-regulate co-stimulatory molecules and migrate to the regional lymph node
• E) Promote the activation of the complement cascade to induce complement deposition on the viral subunit proteins

Understand the characteristics and limitations of preoperational thought, such as egocentrism and centration.

Identify the stages of Piagetian cognitive development and their defining features.

Recognize the concepts of conservation and classification as achievements in cognitive development.

Distinguish between different types of reasoning (intuitive, logical, abstract) across Piagetian stages.

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Definitions:

Hidden Negative

An implicit or not immediately apparent disadvantage or downside in a situation or proposal.

Negative Connotations

Words or phrases that carry a negative implication or evoke undesirable associations or emotions.

Positive Emphasis

The strategy of highlighting beneficial or optimistic aspects of a situation, proposal, or product to persuade or influence.

Negative Information

Unfavorable data or news that might impact perceptions or decisions adversely.